Graduate Certificate in Business
Course code: GC-BUS
July
AUD $16,000 (2026 indicative first year fee). Commonwealth Supported Places (CSPs) are not available
July
AUD $16,000 (2026 indicative first year fee)
IELTS 6.5: with no band less than 6.0
Course structure
Overview
Degree Structure
To gain the Graduate Certificate in Business you must complete 50 points comprised of:
- Four subjects.
Subjects can be done in any order. There are no prerequisites or core compulsory subjects.
Students who complete the online Graduate Certificate in Business are also eligible to apply for credit into the on-campus Master of Management program or Master of International Business.
Graduate Certificate in Business Pathway
There is a pre-approved Advanced Standing arrangement for students who complete the Graduate Certificate in Business prior to commencing an on-campus Master degree from the Master of Management program (apart from the Master of Management (Accounting and Finance)) or the Master of International Business. To receive maximum Advanced Standing (credit) and enter the 150 point Masters, you must undertake the subjects specified below within the Graduate Certificate of Business (these align with the foundation subjects in the each Masters degree).
Explore this course
Explore the subjects you could choose as part of this certificate.
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Accounting Analysis and Decisions · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to prepare and use financial information in decision making – crucial skills in business. The subject begins by examining core concepts in accounting and developing students’ ability to prepare financial reports. The subject then explores how that knowledge and information may be used to inform decision making by diverse stakeholders in a variety of business contexts including via the preparation of a business case to support a major financial decision and through consideration of various current issues faced in accounting and business. |
| Empirical Methods for Business · 12.5 pts |
The subject introduces students without a strong mathematical background to some of the methods used to collect, present and analyse data and to provide illustrative applications to decision problems faced by business managers. Topics will be chosen from: sources of data; sampling and collection of primary data; presentation and summary measures of data; random variation of data and some implications for hypothesis testing and forecasting; an introduction to decision models with uncertainty; the use and interpretation of estimated regression equations; some forecasting methods used by business. |
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |
| Business Analytics for Decision Making · 12.5 pts |
This subject will focus on quantitative approaches to analyse business problems and based on these analyses, make effective decisions. The subject will explore descriptive analytic, predictive analytic, and prescriptive analytic techniques. Using these techniques, students will develop understanding of a wide variety of strategic and operational business decision problems being faced by managers and decision makers in the fields of financial management, human resource management, marketing management, operations management, and international business management. Students will be expected to be able to calculate and manipulate data as well as interpret the results in order to derive and evaluate alternative solutions to typical business decision problems. |
| Value Creation Strategies · 12.5 pts |
This subject exposes students to an integrated perspective of the firm, how it interfaces with its environment, and how it creates and sustains value. Critical to the creation of value is the way a firm interacts with its various stakeholders. The subject builds a conceptual framework to examine the choices managers face in determining how best to create value, and how these choices may be shaped by key stakeholders including: government, society, trading partners, customers, employees and competitors. A key focus of this subject is on value creation as a cross disciplinary and cross firm activity. As such, the focus is on value creation from multiple disciplinary perspectives including strategy, entrepreneurship, marketing, HRM, supply chain management and organisational design. |
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
Core
Students must complete the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Business Analytics for Decision Making · 12.5 pts |
This subject will focus on quantitative approaches to analyse business problems and based on these analyses, make effective decisions. The subject will explore descriptive analytic, predictive analytic, and prescriptive analytic techniques. Using these techniques, students will develop understanding of a wide variety of strategic and operational business decision problems being faced by managers and decision makers in the fields of financial management, human resource management, marketing management, operations management, and international business management. Students will be expected to be able to calculate and manipulate data as well as interpret the results in order to derive and evaluate alternative solutions to typical business decision problems. |
| Value Creation Strategies · 12.5 pts |
This subject exposes students to an integrated perspective of the firm, how it interfaces with its environment, and how it creates and sustains value. Critical to the creation of value is the way a firm interacts with its various stakeholders. The subject builds a conceptual framework to examine the choices managers face in determining how best to create value, and how these choices may be shaped by key stakeholders including: government, society, trading partners, customers, employees and competitors. A key focus of this subject is on value creation as a cross disciplinary and cross firm activity. As such, the focus is on value creation from multiple disciplinary perspectives including strategy, entrepreneurship, marketing, HRM, supply chain management and organisational design. |
Selection list
Students must complete TWO of the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Accounting Analysis and Decisions · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to prepare and use financial information in decision making – crucial skills in business. The subject begins by examining core concepts in accounting and developing students’ ability to prepare financial reports. The subject then explores how that knowledge and information may be used to inform decision making by diverse stakeholders in a variety of business contexts including via the preparation of a business case to support a major financial decision and through consideration of various current issues faced in accounting and business. |
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
Core
Students must complete the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Accounting Analysis and Decisions · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to prepare and use financial information in decision making – crucial skills in business. The subject begins by examining core concepts in accounting and developing students’ ability to prepare financial reports. The subject then explores how that knowledge and information may be used to inform decision making by diverse stakeholders in a variety of business contexts including via the preparation of a business case to support a major financial decision and through consideration of various current issues faced in accounting and business. |
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Empirical Methods for Business · 12.5 pts |
The subject introduces students without a strong mathematical background to some of the methods used to collect, present and analyse data and to provide illustrative applications to decision problems faced by business managers. Topics will be chosen from: sources of data; sampling and collection of primary data; presentation and summary measures of data; random variation of data and some implications for hypothesis testing and forecasting; an introduction to decision models with uncertainty; the use and interpretation of estimated regression equations; some forecasting methods used by business. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
Core
Students must complete the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Business Analytics for Decision Making · 12.5 pts |
This subject will focus on quantitative approaches to analyse business problems and based on these analyses, make effective decisions. The subject will explore descriptive analytic, predictive analytic, and prescriptive analytic techniques. Using these techniques, students will develop understanding of a wide variety of strategic and operational business decision problems being faced by managers and decision makers in the fields of financial management, human resource management, marketing management, operations management, and international business management. Students will be expected to be able to calculate and manipulate data as well as interpret the results in order to derive and evaluate alternative solutions to typical business decision problems. |
| Value Creation Strategies · 12.5 pts |
This subject exposes students to an integrated perspective of the firm, how it interfaces with its environment, and how it creates and sustains value. Critical to the creation of value is the way a firm interacts with its various stakeholders. The subject builds a conceptual framework to examine the choices managers face in determining how best to create value, and how these choices may be shaped by key stakeholders including: government, society, trading partners, customers, employees and competitors. A key focus of this subject is on value creation as a cross disciplinary and cross firm activity. As such, the focus is on value creation from multiple disciplinary perspectives including strategy, entrepreneurship, marketing, HRM, supply chain management and organisational design. |
Selection list
Students must complete ONE of the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Accounting Analysis and Decisions · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to prepare and use financial information in decision making – crucial skills in business. The subject begins by examining core concepts in accounting and developing students’ ability to prepare financial reports. The subject then explores how that knowledge and information may be used to inform decision making by diverse stakeholders in a variety of business contexts including via the preparation of a business case to support a major financial decision and through consideration of various current issues faced in accounting and business. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
Core
Students must complete the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Accounting Analysis and Decisions · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to prepare and use financial information in decision making – crucial skills in business. The subject begins by examining core concepts in accounting and developing students’ ability to prepare financial reports. The subject then explores how that knowledge and information may be used to inform decision making by diverse stakeholders in a variety of business contexts including via the preparation of a business case to support a major financial decision and through consideration of various current issues faced in accounting and business. |
| Empirical Methods for Business · 12.5 pts |
The subject introduces students without a strong mathematical background to some of the methods used to collect, present and analyse data and to provide illustrative applications to decision problems faced by business managers. Topics will be chosen from: sources of data; sampling and collection of primary data; presentation and summary measures of data; random variation of data and some implications for hypothesis testing and forecasting; an introduction to decision models with uncertainty; the use and interpretation of estimated regression equations; some forecasting methods used by business. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |
Selection list
Students must complete ONE of the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Value Creation Strategies · 12.5 pts |
This subject exposes students to an integrated perspective of the firm, how it interfaces with its environment, and how it creates and sustains value. Critical to the creation of value is the way a firm interacts with its various stakeholders. The subject builds a conceptual framework to examine the choices managers face in determining how best to create value, and how these choices may be shaped by key stakeholders including: government, society, trading partners, customers, employees and competitors. A key focus of this subject is on value creation as a cross disciplinary and cross firm activity. As such, the focus is on value creation from multiple disciplinary perspectives including strategy, entrepreneurship, marketing, HRM, supply chain management and organisational design. |
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
Core
Students must complete the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Business Analytics for Decision Making · 12.5 pts |
This subject will focus on quantitative approaches to analyse business problems and based on these analyses, make effective decisions. The subject will explore descriptive analytic, predictive analytic, and prescriptive analytic techniques. Using these techniques, students will develop understanding of a wide variety of strategic and operational business decision problems being faced by managers and decision makers in the fields of financial management, human resource management, marketing management, operations management, and international business management. Students will be expected to be able to calculate and manipulate data as well as interpret the results in order to derive and evaluate alternative solutions to typical business decision problems. |
| Value Creation Strategies · 12.5 pts |
This subject exposes students to an integrated perspective of the firm, how it interfaces with its environment, and how it creates and sustains value. Critical to the creation of value is the way a firm interacts with its various stakeholders. The subject builds a conceptual framework to examine the choices managers face in determining how best to create value, and how these choices may be shaped by key stakeholders including: government, society, trading partners, customers, employees and competitors. A key focus of this subject is on value creation as a cross disciplinary and cross firm activity. As such, the focus is on value creation from multiple disciplinary perspectives including strategy, entrepreneurship, marketing, HRM, supply chain management and organisational design. |
Selection list
Students must complete TWO of the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Accounting Analysis and Decisions · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to prepare and use financial information in decision making – crucial skills in business. The subject begins by examining core concepts in accounting and developing students’ ability to prepare financial reports. The subject then explores how that knowledge and information may be used to inform decision making by diverse stakeholders in a variety of business contexts including via the preparation of a business case to support a major financial decision and through consideration of various current issues faced in accounting and business. |
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
Core
Students must complete the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Business Analytics for Decision Making · 12.5 pts |
This subject will focus on quantitative approaches to analyse business problems and based on these analyses, make effective decisions. The subject will explore descriptive analytic, predictive analytic, and prescriptive analytic techniques. Using these techniques, students will develop understanding of a wide variety of strategic and operational business decision problems being faced by managers and decision makers in the fields of financial management, human resource management, marketing management, operations management, and international business management. Students will be expected to be able to calculate and manipulate data as well as interpret the results in order to derive and evaluate alternative solutions to typical business decision problems. |
| Value Creation Strategies · 12.5 pts |
This subject exposes students to an integrated perspective of the firm, how it interfaces with its environment, and how it creates and sustains value. Critical to the creation of value is the way a firm interacts with its various stakeholders. The subject builds a conceptual framework to examine the choices managers face in determining how best to create value, and how these choices may be shaped by key stakeholders including: government, society, trading partners, customers, employees and competitors. A key focus of this subject is on value creation as a cross disciplinary and cross firm activity. As such, the focus is on value creation from multiple disciplinary perspectives including strategy, entrepreneurship, marketing, HRM, supply chain management and organisational design. |
Selection list
Students must complete TWO of the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Accounting Analysis and Decisions · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to prepare and use financial information in decision making – crucial skills in business. The subject begins by examining core concepts in accounting and developing students’ ability to prepare financial reports. The subject then explores how that knowledge and information may be used to inform decision making by diverse stakeholders in a variety of business contexts including via the preparation of a business case to support a major financial decision and through consideration of various current issues faced in accounting and business. |
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
Core
Students must complete the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |
| Business Analytics for Decision Making · 12.5 pts |
This subject will focus on quantitative approaches to analyse business problems and based on these analyses, make effective decisions. The subject will explore descriptive analytic, predictive analytic, and prescriptive analytic techniques. Using these techniques, students will develop understanding of a wide variety of strategic and operational business decision problems being faced by managers and decision makers in the fields of financial management, human resource management, marketing management, operations management, and international business management. Students will be expected to be able to calculate and manipulate data as well as interpret the results in order to derive and evaluate alternative solutions to typical business decision problems. |
| Value Creation Strategies · 12.5 pts |
This subject exposes students to an integrated perspective of the firm, how it interfaces with its environment, and how it creates and sustains value. Critical to the creation of value is the way a firm interacts with its various stakeholders. The subject builds a conceptual framework to examine the choices managers face in determining how best to create value, and how these choices may be shaped by key stakeholders including: government, society, trading partners, customers, employees and competitors. A key focus of this subject is on value creation as a cross disciplinary and cross firm activity. As such, the focus is on value creation from multiple disciplinary perspectives including strategy, entrepreneurship, marketing, HRM, supply chain management and organisational design. |
Students must complete FOUR of the following subjects:
Core
Students must complete the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Business Analytics for Decision Making · 12.5 pts |
This subject will focus on quantitative approaches to analyse business problems and based on these analyses, make effective decisions. The subject will explore descriptive analytic, predictive analytic, and prescriptive analytic techniques. Using these techniques, students will develop understanding of a wide variety of strategic and operational business decision problems being faced by managers and decision makers in the fields of financial management, human resource management, marketing management, operations management, and international business management. Students will be expected to be able to calculate and manipulate data as well as interpret the results in order to derive and evaluate alternative solutions to typical business decision problems. |
| Value Creation Strategies · 12.5 pts |
This subject exposes students to an integrated perspective of the firm, how it interfaces with its environment, and how it creates and sustains value. Critical to the creation of value is the way a firm interacts with its various stakeholders. The subject builds a conceptual framework to examine the choices managers face in determining how best to create value, and how these choices may be shaped by key stakeholders including: government, society, trading partners, customers, employees and competitors. A key focus of this subject is on value creation as a cross disciplinary and cross firm activity. As such, the focus is on value creation from multiple disciplinary perspectives including strategy, entrepreneurship, marketing, HRM, supply chain management and organisational design. |
Selection list
Students must complete TWO of the following subjects:
| Accordion | |
|---|---|
| Accounting Analysis and Decisions · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to enable students to enhance their ability to prepare and use financial information in decision making – crucial skills in business. The subject begins by examining core concepts in accounting and developing students’ ability to prepare financial reports. The subject then explores how that knowledge and information may be used to inform decision making by diverse stakeholders in a variety of business contexts including via the preparation of a business case to support a major financial decision and through consideration of various current issues faced in accounting and business. |
| Empirical Methods for Business · 12.5 pts |
The subject introduces students without a strong mathematical background to some of the methods used to collect, present and analyse data and to provide illustrative applications to decision problems faced by business managers. Topics will be chosen from: sources of data; sampling and collection of primary data; presentation and summary measures of data; random variation of data and some implications for hypothesis testing and forecasting; an introduction to decision models with uncertainty; the use and interpretation of estimated regression equations; some forecasting methods used by business. |
| Economics of Markets and Organisations · 12.5 pts |
The subject provides an introduction to the fundamentals of microeconomics and strategy, and applies this knowledge to a number of business and management issues. Topics to be covered include: the working of competitive markets and the determination of market prices and quantities; the organisation of the firm and various measures of the costs of production; business strategies and market outcomes in different market environments; and public policy towards business in the presence of “external costs” in production. |
| Managerial Finance · 12.5 pts |
This subject is designed to equip students with the tools necessary to enable them to make the core decisions faced by managers and investors. The first part of the subject deals with establishing the environment in which organizations operate, namely the objectives of the suppliers of financial and human capital. The subject then considers the basic tools commonly employed by financial managers and investors including discounted cash flow techniques and financial mathematics. Measures and definitions of alternative forms of risk are considered and the relation between risk and expected reward in capital markets is established. Finally, the subject considers the important decisions faced by firms (investment, financing, dividend policy, hedging and executive compensation) and by investors (the composition of their optimal retirement portfolio). |