Master of Human Rights Law

The ageing of world populations and the increased longevity of individuals has significant political, cultural and economic consequences. Ageism, the marginalisation of and discrimination against ‘older persons’, in particularly subgroups of older persons, is widespread, and involve systematic human rights violations on the ground of” older age’. This subject will review the historical development and current state of international human rights law as it applies to human rights and older age.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• Ageing historically and in the modern world – demographic trends and their significance
• Theories of ageing, the social construction and cultural significance of older age and nature, extent and importance of ageism
• Ageing and human rights: human rights of older persons or human rights in older age; intersectionality and life course approaches
• Age and international human rights law; past coverage and current developments
• Older age and domestic law and policy (Australian and comparative perspectives), including human rights dimensions of aged care
• Intergenerational equity and human rights law

View detailed information in the Handbook

Algorithms are used by public and private bodies to make decisions that govern our lives in significant ways: our healthcare and social welfare entitlements; our educational achievements, jobs, and pay; whether we are subjected to increased police scrutiny, or sent to prison (and for how long). Those algorithms often draw upon patterns in data about large groups of people to predict the future actions, needs or characteristics of specific persons.

A great deal has been written about the risk of bias and discrimination, understood as the systematic propensity to single out individuals or groups for poor treatment. But what do we really mean when we use those terms? Are there other reasons to worry about predictive algorithms that are not about equality or relative treatment – reasons, for instance, to think that we should not punish people on the basis of facts about their family history or social circumstance?

This subject considers what’s at stake for individuals when we are subjected to automated decisions, and the role that the law plays or can play in helping to ensure that algorithms are not used to create or perpetuate injustices.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• Relevance - What does it mean to make a “good” decision?
• Equality - Why does inequality matter, and how do algorithms fare?
• Choice - How do algorithms affect the control that we have over our lives?
• Transparency - Can we really figure out whether algorithmic decisions are just?
• Privacy - Do algorithms cross the line?

View detailed information in the Handbook

The private sector represents one of the most important and daunting challenges facing human rights law and practice. As the reach and influence of companies has grown – sometimes dwarfing the states in which they operate – their impact on human rights has become impossible to ignore. Shareholder activists, NGOs, social movements, the media and governments are demanding greater transparency and reporting on human rights from a wide range of companies, from Facebook to Kmart to Lafarge. The United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the multilateral banks have adopted human rights standards for companies, and a growing body of soft and hard law (domestic and international) is beginning to define the precise scope of corporate human rights obligations. This subject will explore the fast-growing field of business and human rights, highlighting the most critical legal and practical issues surrounding efforts to advance corporate responsibility and accountability.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• The history of the business and human rights movement
• The political and ideological challenge to applying human rights to business
• The legal framework and institutions for corporate human rights accountability
• The UN “Protect, Respect, Remedy” Framework and UN Guiding Principles
• Multi-stakeholder initiatives and soft law human rights standards
• Key legal challenges: effective remedies, 'non-state actors', 'sphere of influence' and 'complicity'
• Litigating corporate human rights
• Non-judicial advocacy strategies
• Business and human rights case studies
• Business and human rights in the digital economy
• Climate change, business and human rights
• The business management perspective on human rights and implementation challenges.

View detailed information in the Handbook

This subject canvasses a wide range of the most challenging current questions in comparative constitutional law. It does so from a global perspective, which appreciates the diversity of constitutional arrangements across the world while acknowledging their interconnections and their many shared problems. The issues on which the subject focusses in 2025 range across questions of method to problems of substance and will be explored both conceptually and empirically. Each seminar is led by a comparative scholar affiliated with Melbourne Law School, drawing on the resources of one of the leading comparative constitutional law centres in the world.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• The challenges of constitutional comparison
• Democracy and its discontents
• Legal and constitutional pluralism
• Comparative Indigenous constitutionalism
• Interpreting Constitutions
• Constitutional cultures
• Federalism in the Global South
• Constitutional amendment and change
• Fourth branch institutions
• Political parties
• Knowledge institutions
• Constitutions and climate change
• International leverage and national constitutions

The subject coordinators will ensure interlinkages between seminars and will draw the subject together in a final seminar on future directions. The subject should be of considerable interest to Australian and international students from all regions of the world.

View detailed information in the Handbook

Discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace represent an overwhelming majority of total complaints made to anti-discrimination authorities. Equality and discrimination at work remain pressing concerns for employees, managers and, more broadly, for society. Achieving equality is elusive and, indeed, the very meaning of equality is highly contested.

This subject explores the legal meanings of equality, with a focus on the frameworks through which Australian parliaments have sought to address inequality, discrimination and harassment. It examines federal and state laws that deal with discrimination, including the four federal laws, the Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic) and the adverse action provisions in the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). Consideration is given to discrimination based on race, sex, disability, age and pregnancy and family responsibilities. The lecturers in this subject combine many years of academic scholarship in this area, engagement in law reform debates and practical client-focused legal advice

This subject provides an examination of the development and current scope of Australian equality and discrimination law, as relevant in employment and work relationships. It will focus on federal and Victorian jurisdictions.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• A study of the framework and key features of federal and state legislative provisions dealing with equality and discrimination in the employment context, including the Equal Opportunity Act 2010 (Vic), the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth), the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) and the Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth)
• An examination of the general protection provisions in the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth), including redress for certain types of adverse action
• Debates regarding the meaning of equality, discrimination and other contested concepts such as choice, especially as choice relates to carer responsibilities
• The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic), and its potential impact in the interpretation of the Victorian Equal Opportunity Act
• Conciliation, dispute resolution and remedies
• Alternative regulatory regimes, including the National Employment Standards, equal remuneration provisions under the Fair Work Act, contract law and occupational health and safety issues such as bullying
• Current processes of legislative revision at federal and state level
• The potential for future developments in the field.

View detailed information in the Handbook

This is a foundational subject in the Melbourne Law Masters (MLM) which is compulsory for graduates of disciplines other than law and for law graduates from countries with a non-common law system. It provides students with an opportunity to acquire the foundational legal skills necessary for studying and working in a common law system, such as that in Australia.

The common law forms one of the two principal systems of Western law that, through colonisation, have spread throughout the world. Common law systems have a distinctive approach to understanding the sources of law, the role of law-making institutions, and processes for resolving disputes. These characteristics of the common law system have had a profound effect on the development not only of the societies in the countries in which it applied, but also on international law and practice.

The aim of this subject is to acquire basic foundational legal skills that will assist you with other subjects in the MLM program. The subject teaches students how to read, use and interpret reported cases and legislation. The subject explains the sources of law, what influences them, and how they influence the development of the common law. These aims are given in context of some contemporary debates on common law reasoning by assessing the role of the High Court of Australia. The subject focuses on developing skills in analysis and legal writing, the tools of the common lawyer.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• How to read and analyse a case
• The concept and use of precedent
• Evolution of a common law principle
• Common law issues: judicial activism, separation of powers
• The role of the High Court and an overview of the Constitution
• The relationship between the Constitution, case law and statute law
• Influences of other sources of law on the common law
• How to read and analyse statutes
• Approaches to statutory interpretation
• Legal writing skills and expectations in the MLM program.

Important information about this Subject

This subject is an important foundational skills-based subject for many common-law focussed subjects in the Melbourne Law Masters. We recommend Masters students needing an introduction to the common law enrol in this subject when they first start their program of study. For most graduate diploma students, Australian Legal Process and Legal Institutions (ALPLI) is the alternative intensive offering.

All students enrolled in the following common-law focussed Masters courses are strongly recommended to take LAWS70217 Fundamentals of the Common Law (if you don't already have prior professional or educational background in the common law):

• Master of Banking and Finance
• Master of Commercial Law
• Master of Construction Law
• Master of Employment and Labour Relations Law
• Master of Energy and Resources Law
• Master of Health and Medical Law
• Master of Intellectual Property Law
• Master of Private Law
• Master of Laws (if you wish to focus on one of these common-law areas above)

More information on course planning in the Melbourne Law Masters.

View detailed information in the Handbook

This subject focuses on the re-imagination of human rights from a gender and women’s rights perspective. The traditional human rights canon has been challenged in important ways by its deficiencies in the protection of the rights of women and sexual and gender minorities.

The primary focus on violations by state actors was shown to obscure and make invisible violations against women in the private sphere of family and home, in particular gender-based violence. The partial and contingent protection of sexual and reproductive rights under international human rights law has revealed persistent gendered limitations. Meanwhile, the adherence to date of international human rights law to the male/female binary has proven exclusionary to the promotion and protection of the rights of sexual and gender minorities.

This subject considers these critiques and examines their explanatory force. It considers ways in which the international human rights system has responded to critiques and demands of feminist, gender and queer scholars and activists. The subject will focus, first, on the international system for the protection of women’s rights, in terms both of ‘mainstream’ guarantees of non-discrimination and the specialised system for the protection of women’s rights, most notably CEDAW. Second, the subject will focus on certain emblematic violations of women’s and gender rights (gender-based violence, reproductive rights and the rights of sexual and gender minorities) and critically examine developments in the recognition and redress of such violations under international human rights law. Third, the subject will consider the relationship between the formal mechanisms of the human rights system and the mobilisation of human rights ideas and values by social movements and non-governmental organisation. It will consider the role and value of international human rights norms in underpinning diverse social movements working in alliance for the improved protection of women’s and gender rights.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• An overview of the protection of women’s rights and rights of sexual orientation and gender identity under the so-called ‘mainstream’ system for the protection of human rights
• A discussion of feminist, queer and postcolonial critiques of the international human rights system
• Analysis of specialised treaties and instruments responding to these critiques, most notably CEDAW (the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women)
• Critical reflection on the particular role of the CEDAW Committee in monitoring and interpreting women’s and gender rights under international human rights law
• Analysis of developments for the enhanced protection of the rights of women to live free from violence, including the debate about the need for a new dedicated human rights treaty for the prevention of violence against women
• An examination of developments across the mainstream and specialised human rights systems for the protection of reproductive and sexual rights
• An understanding of the limited progress made to date under international human rights law for the protection and promotion of rights of sexual and gender minorities
• A review of sustained critiques of the human rights regime by scholars such as Ratna Kapur, Dianne Otto, Christine Chinkin and Hilary Charlesworth
• Examination of human rights in practice, focusing on the way these ideas are mobilised by women’s movements, queer activists and human rights advocates to deal with local issues such as gender violence, reproductive rights and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.

View detailed information in the Handbook

Today, international law and its institutions are being called upon to respond to and redress multiple, intersecting global crises, including climate change and its manifold consequences; global instability and conflict, including amongst nuclear powers; ‘trade wars’; rising inequality between and within states; and new technologies, including Artificial Intelligence.

Understanding these developments requires knowledge in and across various distinct domains of international law, including the peaceful settlement of disputes; international environmental law, the use of force and the laws of war; international economic law; law and development; international migration law; and global health law.

This subject considers these crises, and their mutual imbrications, examining the role of international law in addressing them by drawing on these distinct but related subject legal domains. It aims to think across these crises and domains to identify points of contact, co-constitution and rupture, and to consider both the potential and limitations of international law.

At the same time, international law remains deeply implicated in the very social problems and transformations that imperil humankind and the planet – and that threaten to make this century its last. As a mode of thought and governance, ‘crisis’ is not new to international law. As Judge Hilary Charlesworth famously observed, international law is a ‘discipline of crisis’: throughout its history ‘crises’ have both empowered and shaped and the field - giving it purpose, while also limiting its imagination and capacity for reflexivity.

This subject critically examines the historical and theoretical role that global crises – real and imagined – have played in the formation, development and functioning of international law.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• Global Crises and International Law: A history
• Thinking through crises
• Climate change and ‘just transition’
• Global Conflict
• The new New International Economic Order
• Migration and/as Decolonisation
• Pandemics
• Technological transformation
• The Geographies of ‘crises’: for whom, where?

View detailed information in the Handbook

This subject canvasses a series of cutting-edge issues in public law at an advanced level that requires deep analysis and critical thinking. While its primary focus is public law in Australia, many of the issues are relevant in common law systems elsewhere and comparative experiences are used to throw light on Australian law and practice. The issues range widely across constitutional and administrative law. Each seminar is led by one of Melbourne Law School’s leading experts in the field.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• Judicial and merits review
• Non-statutory executive power
• Parameters of responsible government in Australia
• Treaties and agreements with Indigenous peoples
• Judicial power and punitive measures
• Citizenship
• Resource and environmental management in the Australian federation
• Political communication in a digital era
• Statutory bills of rights
• Climate change litigation
• Constitutional concepts of property
• External dimensions of the Australian Constitution
• ‘Fourth branch’ institutions.

The subject coordinators will ensure interlinkages between seminars and will draw the subject together in a final seminar on future directions. The subject should be of considerable interest to Australian students, to international students from common law countries and to all students curious about the latest developments in public law from a common law perspective.

View detailed information in the Handbook

Developments such as the decision to appoint a UN special rapporteur on human rights and climate change are significant milestones in the long-time efforts by international institutions and advocates to recognise and address the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on the enjoyment of human rights. UN institutions and international treaty bodies responsible for human rights and environmental matters have over many years taken steps to deal with the serious impacts that climate change has on the rights to life, culture, health, food and an adequate standard of living for individuals and communities across the world. Advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have also provided insights on these matters. Meanwhile, advocates have initiated proceedings before courts and other complaints bodies claiming that human rights have been violated as a result of climate change. In the process, existing human rights have been repurposed towards environmental ends, and rights to a healthy environment and a safe climate have emerged for international recognition.

This course will introduce and explore the main concepts, laws, institutions and policies at the intersection of international human rights law and international law on climate change. Through an examination of treaties and case law, it will consider how international law and policy is being developed to protect human rights affected by climate change.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• The human rights of particular groups – including Indigenous Peoples, children and displaced people – affected by climate change.
• The different responsibilities of nations and businesses to address the human rights impacts of climate change.
• Key developments in UN bodies, treaty institutions and courts dealing respectively with human rights and environmental protection, including existing and emerging human rights such as the right to a healthy environment.
• Critical perspectives on the use of human rights law and procedures to tackle harms arising from greenhouse gas emissions.
• The international movement on rights of nature as part of the context in which international human rights law is evolving to address climate change.

View detailed information in the Handbook

Since 11 September 2001, there has been a global trend towards enacting new laws and adopting new measures against terrorism, reflected in developments on the national, regional and international levels. Many such counter-terrorism laws and measures have raised questions about the nature of human rights law, and the extent of its adaptability in face of security imperatives. Others have revealed clear human rights violations and exposed the fragility of respect for the rule of law. Responses by the courts and international mechanisms have had a role to play in redressing this reality in various ways, but they too have met challenges. This subject addresses the international law framework within which responses to terrorism, and to counter-terrorism, unfold. It considers human rights law in the context of other relevant areas of international law and practice, such as humanitarian law and the law on peace and security. It examines legal questions not in abstract but by reference to examples from practice, and in light of the many real-life challenges to giving effect to the law in the security context today. It provides a stock-taking review and questions the human rights implications of global counter-terrorism practice.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• What is ‘terrorism’ and how does it fit within the framework of international law?
• Do terrorists violate human rights, and can they be held accountable?
• Which human rights are affected by counter-terrorism measures by states and how they are affected in practice?
• Is the prohibition against torture absolute, and what have been the challenges in practice since 9/11?
• How has the criminal law adjusted, and expanded, in recent years and what are the implications?
• Have restrictions on freedom of expression, association and assembly been legitimate?
• How has terrorist listing and sanctions against individuals and entities developed and what human rights issues arise?
• What implications are there for refugee and immigration law in the era of terrorism?
• What is the phenomenon of ‘foreign terrorist fighters’ and legal responses to it?
• How has the right to privacy been eroded in the name of countering terrorism, and when is surveillance lawful?
• What are strategic approaches to preventing and combating terrorism, and what are the long –term implications of trends in counter-terrorism practice to date?

View detailed information in the Handbook

Historical experience demonstrates that, without justice, it is exceedingly difficult to establish an inclusive and lasting peace. And yet, while States pay significant lip service to the importance of accountability, all too often it is the victim of - or is otherwise shaped by - real politik. For this reason, an expert international criminal lawyer must be a master of both law and politics.

With this in mind, this subject will explore why, how and when individuals can be held individually criminally responsible for serious international crimes by the International Criminal Court (ICC), other international mechanisms, and national jurisdictions. In addition to considering the substantive rules of international criminal law, students will explore a range of legal policy issues relating to the prosecution of serious international crimes, and critiques of the international criminal justice project, including through case studies on Afghanistan, Palestine, the Rohingya, ISIS and the crime of aggression. Drawing on the lecturer’s experience in relation to the practice of international criminal law, and the insights of other senior practitioners, the subject is focused throughout on contemporary issues of international criminal law that are of real relevance to practitioners and scholars alike.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• The nature of law, war and crime, and the relationship between peace and justice;
• The development of international criminal law, including the contribution of the ad hoc international and mixed criminal tribunals;
• The Rome Statute crimes (genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression) and their relationship to customary international law;
• The modes of individual criminal responsibility and the defences recognised by international criminal law;
• The ICC’s personal and temporal jurisdiction;
• The proceedings and practice of the ICC;
• The stakeholders of international criminal law (including victims, witnesses and defendants);
• The role of new ad hoc criminal mechanisms (such as the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism for Syria); and
• The prosecution of international crimes in national jurisdictions, including on the basis of universal jurisdiction.

View detailed information in the Handbook

The field of international human rights law is today composed of a multitude of legal instruments, implementation bodies, special procedures, human rights NGOs and transitional justice mechanisms. This subject provides the opportunity to examine this field in many of its dimensions, equipping students to navigate the system and critically assess its fundamental features. It will be of interest to all students who want to develop a detailed understanding of how the international human rights law system operates, including those with limited or no background in the area. The two lecturers have significant experience across a diverse range of topics and issues within international human rights law, which they draw upon to create an engaging and thought-provoking subject.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• Human rights and the challenges posed by state sovereignty and national security
• The contested universality of human rights
• The international institutional framework for the protection of human rights, with a special focus on the Human Rights Council and treaty monitoring system
• The interpretation and application of selected rights from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
• Domestic measures for the implementation of human rights, such as judicial implementation of economic, social and cultural rights
• The norm of non-discrimination as it relates to race, gender, sexual orientation and gender identity
• The contribution of truth and reconciliation commissions to the protection of human rights
• Human rights law relating to refugees and asylum-seekers
• The challenges posed by economic globalisation.

View detailed information in the Handbook

The implementation of the legal rules governing the conduct of military hostilities is literally a matter of life and death. This subject briefly introduces the historical development of international humanitarian law and raises a series of questions around the effective implementation of the law.

• What is an armed conflict and how do we determine the legal character of a conflict?
• How do combatants distinguish between civilians and enemy combatants and how can protection for civilians in armed conflict—particularly women and children—be improved?
• Who can lawfully be targeted and killed and who can be detained?
• Which weapons are prohibited and which are permitted?

Indicative list of principal topics:

• The historical development of international humanitarian law and its rationale in a broader context
• The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977 and developments in customary international law
• The unique role of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in armed conflict
• The relationship of international humanitarian law to other related areas of international law, such as arms control and disarmament, human rights, peacekeeping and international criminal law
• Implementation of the law through case studies
• Current issues for development of the law, such as the application of human rights law, the law of occupation and emerging technologies.

View detailed information in the Handbook

This subject is an introduction to the foundational principles and rules of the public international legal order. It is designed as an introduction to international law and, therefore, provides students with an understanding of the key concepts of international law, its history and contemporary relevance, sources of international law and the role of some key international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). The subject is grounded in both theory and practice in order to consider how international law works in shaping and dealing with a range of issues such as dispute settlement, jurisdiction and immunities, and the use of force. Contemporary examples will be used to enrich student learning. Students will be encouraged to critically evaluate the position and relevance of international law in international politics and society by addressing past and current developments through case studies. The members of the teaching team are scholars in international law who have developed specific areas of specialisation in international law.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• The nature, purpose and language of international law
• Sources of international law
• International legal personality, statehood and sovereignty
• Jurisdiction of states and jurisdictional immunities
• The responsibility of states for violations of international law
• Peaceful settlement of disputes and the functions of the International Court of Justice
• Regulation of the use of force in international relations (jus ad bellum)

This subject provides an introduction to the basic concepts and norms of the public international legal order. It is designed for those with no (or very limited) background in international law. Students who have completed an undergraduate subject in international law or have some professional experience are advised to consider other international law offerings.

Important information about this Subject

This subject is a pre-requisite for many other international law subjects in the Melbourne Law Masters. We recommend part-time students enrol in this subject when they first start their program of study. For full-time students, Principles of International Law (LAWS90295) is the alternative five-day intensive offering.

All students enrolled in the following internationally focussed courses are strongly recommended to take either LAWS90295 Principles of International Law or LAWS70173 International Law (if you don't already have prior professional or educational background in public international law):

• Master of Environmental Law
• Master of Human Rights Law;
• Master of Law and Development;
• Master of Public and International Law;
• Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law
• Graduate Diploma in Human Rights Law
• Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law
• Graduate Diploma in International Law.

More information on course planning in the Melbourne Law Masters.

View detailed information in the Handbook

Issues concerning children, whether they arise at the international, regional or local level, are increasingly being examined from a human rights perspective. Much of the momentum for this movement has been generated by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989, and has been ratified by every state in the world except the United States and South Sudan. This subject is designed to provide students with an understanding of the CRC and the idea of a human rights-based approach to matters involving children. It will be of interest to anyone who works in areas that impact on children, either directly or indirectly, at the international, regional or local level. The lecturer has extensive networks with civil society, international bodies and government agencies that he draws on to provide an appropriate blend of academic and practical content.

The subject consists of two parts. Part one involves a general discussion of:

• The notion of children’s rights
• The international framework for the protection of children’s rights, with particular emphasis on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
• The factors that impact on the implementation of the Convention, both in Australia and overseas.

Part two involves an examination of specific issues relevant to children and how the Convention and a rights-based analysis can be used to respond to these issues. The issues will be drawn from areas such as:

• Sexual exploitation, including trafficking, prostitution and pornography
• Child labour
• Juvenile justice
• Child refugees
• Violence against children
• Children in armed conflict
• HIV/AIDS and children
• Child poverty and homelessness.

View detailed information in the Handbook

International Legal Internship allows students to gain credit for undertaking advanced legal research and analysis on an approved international internship of at least five weeks of full-time work in an approved international institution or organisation. This subject is focused on providing students with an opportunity to engage with legal and policy issues in contemporary society through work experience and further develop oral and written communication skills. Students are required to secure and fund their internships personally.

Students are encouraged to discuss their internship proposals with the subject coordinators. Students who successfully enrol in International Legal Internship must arrange a meeting with at least one of the subject coordinators both prior to their internship and upon completion, to develop a better understanding of research and the role of international institutions in international law and relations.

Important information about enrolling

This subject is not available for self-enrolment but is an application-based enrichment subject, which means prospective students must apply to enrol.

More information about the application process can be found on the MLM International Legal Internship webpage.

View detailed information in the Handbook

This subject explores and examines the international legal regime for the protection of refugees. The essential premise of the subject is that refugee law should be understood as a mode of human rights protection, the viability of which requires striking a balance between the needs of the victims of human rights abuse and the legitimate aspirations of the countries to which they flee. The primary objective of the subject is to enable students to develop a comprehensive understanding of the international legal regime for international protection – the basis for being granted protection in 147 countries, including Australia. The subject will situate Australian refugee law and policy within the context of Australia’s international obligations.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• History of the international system of refugee protection
• Legal and institutional framework of international legal protection
• The implementation of the Refugee Convention in Australian law
• Refugee status determination: domestic and international dimensions
• Responsibility sharing and shifting
• Principles of treaty interpretation applied to refugee law
• The definition of ‘refugee’ in international law
• Exclusion from refugee protection.

View detailed information in the Handbook

Unfortunately this subject is no longer running in 2026, and is now intended to run in early 2027.

Confirmation will come when the Handbook opens for 2027 re-enrolment.

More-than-human rights has emerged as part of the broader ecocentric turn in law. Borrowing from David Abram’s work on the “more-than-human,” more-than-human (MOTH) rights locates human rights within a broader landscape of concern for the rights and well-being of the living world. In doing so, it builds off the rights of nature but also constitutes an evolution in two dimensions. First, by making use of the term “more-than-human,” MOTH rights moves beyond the nature-culture binary implied by the linguistic dichotomy established between human rights and rights of nature. Second, substantively, by locating human rights squarely within the ambit of rights for the larger living world, more-than-human rights bridges human rights, animal rights, and nature rights, creating a legal paradigm which exceeds the sum of these parts.

Our subject explores the legal philosophy, rulings, and practice which are shaping the articulation and advancement of more-than-human rights. Adopting a global perspective, students will examine how legal theorists, judges, and lawyers have grappled with extending legal personhood and rights to natural entities, including ecosystems and animals. This includes deep dives into precedent-setting cases, like the ruling of the Spanish Constitutional Court affirming the legal personhood of Mar Menor; landmark legislation, like that in New Zealand / Aotearoa recognising the Whanganui River as a legal person; constitutional provisions, like those in Ecuador granting rights to nature; and soft law declarations, like that proffered by Polynesian Indigenous leaders on the rights of cetaceans.

In short, this subject equips students with a firm understanding of the legal foundations of more-than-human rights and new directions in this quickly evolving field of legal scholarship and practice.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• The More-Than-Human turn in law, science and philosophy
• Eco-centric critiques of human rights
• Rights of Nature in Practice: Constitutions, Legislation and Case Law
• Future Directions for More-Than-Human Rights

View detailed information in the Handbook

This subject is an introduction to the foundational principles and rules of the public international legal order. It is designed to provide students with an understanding of the key concepts of international law, its history and contemporary relevance, sources of international law and the role of some key international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). The subject is grounded in both theory and practice in order to consider how international law works in shaping and dealing with a range of global issues, including the creation, recognition and sovereignty of states, self-determination of peoples and the use of force in international relations.

Using contemporary examples and case studies which address recent and current developments, students will critically evaluate the position and relevance of international law in international politics and society.

The teaching integrates both content and skills in advanced legal research and writing. We will purposefully introduce students to the practices and protocols of advanced study in international law, as well as to the specialised knowledge and skills required of studying at postgraduate level in the Melbourne Law Masters.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• The nature, purpose and language of international law;
• Sources of international law;
• International legal personality, statehood and sovereignty;
• Jurisdiction of states and jurisdictional immunities;
• The responsibility of states for violations of international law;
• Peaceful settlement of disputes and the functions of the International Court of Justice; and
• Regulation of the use of force in international relations (jus ad bellum).

Important information about this Subject

This subject is a pre-requisite for many other international law subjects in the Melbourne Law Masters. We recommend full-time students enrol in this subject when they first start their program of study. For part-time students, International Law (LAWS70173) is the alternative five-day intensive offering.

All students enrolled in the following internationally focussed courses are strongly recommended to take either LAWS90295 Principles of International Law or LAWS70173 International Law (if you don't already have prior professional or educational background in public international law):

• Master of Environmental Law
• Master of Human Rights Law;
• Master of Law and Development;
• Master of Public and International Law;
• Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law
• Graduate Diploma in Human Rights Law
• Graduate Diploma in Environmental Law
• Graduate Diploma in International Law.

More information on course planning in the Melbourne Law Masters.

View detailed information in the Handbook

This subject takes a deep dive into statelessness, a serious but little understood human rights issue affecting millions of people around the world, including in the Asia Pacific region. Key related concepts of citizenship, statelessness and legal identity will be discussed, as will the debate around the limits of State sovereignty when it comes to the right to nationality. The causes and consequences of statelessness will be unpacked, with a focus on the human impact of statelessness. We critically examine the international legal framework established to address statelessness, and we scrutinise past, present and possible future manifestations of statelessness with a view to understanding how these may be prevented or resolved.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• Key concepts and definitions: citizenship, statelessness, and legal identity,
• The right to belong? Ethical and Political Dimensions,
• Causes, consequences and the human impact of statelessness,
• The international legal framework governing statelessness,
• The protection of stateless persons in a migratory context,
• Solutions to statelessness: citizenship as the panacea?,
• Contemporary and future problems of statelessness: including ‘Citizenship stripping’ and climate change and nationality,
• International Development: Identity Management, Legal Identity and Human Rights.

View detailed information in the Handbook

This is a foundational subject in the Melbourne Law Masters (MLM) which is compulsory for graduates of disciplines other than law and for law graduates from countries with a non-common law system. It provides students with an opportunity to acquire the foundational legal skills necessary for studying and working in a common law system, such as that in Australia.

The common law forms one of the two principal systems of Western law that, through colonisation, have spread throughout the world. Common law systems have a distinctive approach to understanding the sources of law, the role of law-making institutions, and processes for resolving disputes. These characteristics of the common law system have had a profound effect on the development not only of the societies in the countries in which it applied, but also on international law and practice.

The aim of this subject is to acquire basic foundational legal skills that will assist you with other subjects in the MLM program. The subject teaches students how to read, use and interpret reported cases and legislation. The subject explains the sources of law, what influences them, and how they influence the development of the common law. These aims are given in context of some contemporary debates on common law reasoning by assessing the role of the High Court of Australia. The subject focuses on developing skills in analysis and legal writing, the tools of the common lawyer.

Indicative list of principal topics:

• How to read and analyse a case
• The concept and use of precedent
• Evolution of a common law principle
• Common law issues: judicial activism, separation of powers
• The role of the High Court and an overview of the Constitution
• The relationship between the Constitution, case law and statute law
• Influences of other sources of law on the common law
• How to read and analyse statutes
• Approaches to statutory interpretation
• Legal writing skills and expectations in the MLM program.

Important information about this Subject

This subject is an important foundational skills-based subject for many common-law focussed subjects in the Melbourne Law Masters. We recommend Masters students needing an introduction to the common law enrol in this subject when they first start their program of study. For most graduate diploma students, Australian Legal Process and Legal Institutions (ALPLI) is the alternative intensive offering.

All students enrolled in the following common-law focussed Masters courses are strongly recommended to take LAWS70217 Fundamentals of the Common Law (if you don't already have prior professional or educational background in the common law):

• Master of Banking and Finance
• Master of Commercial Law
• Master of Construction Law
• Master of Employment and Labour Relations Law
• Master of Energy and Resources Law
• Master of Health and Medical Law
• Master of Intellectual Property Law
• Master of Private Law
• Master of Laws (if you wish to focus on one of these common-law areas above)

More information on course planning in the Melbourne Law Masters.

View detailed information in the Handbook